Word list · C1 Advanced

C1 vocabulary list

381 words at C1 level, each with pronunciation, a plain definition and a sentence showing it in use. C1 vocabulary is largely academic and low-frequency general English. Each word turns up rarely, which is exactly why progress slows here.

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1
abolish
/əˈbɒlɪʃ/

To end a law, system, institution, custom or practice.

Slavery was abolished in the nineteenth century.
2
absent
/ˈæb.sn̩t/

(with definite article) Something absent, especially absent people collectively; those who were or are not there.

He was absent from work for two weeks.
3
absurd
/əbˈsɜːrd/

Wildly unreasonable or illogical.

The idea of flying pigs is completely absurd.
4
accolade
/ˈæk.ə.leɪd/

An award or privilege granted as a special honor.

Winning the literary prize was the highest accolade of her career.
5
accomplishment
/ə.ˈkʌm.plɪʃ.mənt/

The act of accomplishing; completion; fulfilment.

the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc
6
accumulate
/əˈkjuː.mjə.leɪt/

To gather together or acquire an increasing amount of.

Dust tends to accumulate on surfaces that are rarely cleaned.
7
admonish
/ədˈmɒn.ɪʃ/

To warn or reprimand someone firmly.

The teacher admonished the student for disrupting the class.
8
adverse
/ˈæd.vɜːrs/

Preventing success or development; harmful.

The adverse weather conditions delayed the flight.
9
advocate
/ˈæd.və.keɪt/

To publicly recommend or support a particular cause or policy.

She advocated for better mental health resources in schools.
10
aesthetic
/esˈθet.ɪk/

Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

The building's aesthetic appeal drew tourists from around the world.
11
allegation
/ˌæl.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

A claim that someone has done something wrong, made without proof.

He denied all allegations of corruption.
12
allegedly
/əˈledʒ.ɪd.li/

Used to convey that something is claimed but not yet proven.

He allegedly committed the crime while on vacation.
13
alleviate
/əˈliː.vi.eɪt/

To make suffering, a problem, or a deficiency less severe.

The new medication helped alleviate the patient's chronic pain.
14
allocate
/ˈæl.ə.keɪt/

To distribute resources for a particular purpose.

The government decided to allocate more funds to education.
15
allowance
/əˈlaʊ.əns/

Money given regularly to someone, especially to a child by parents.

The kids get a weekly allowance for doing chores.
16
altruistic
/ˌæl.truˈɪs.tɪk/

Showing a selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Her altruistic decision to donate a kidney saved her neighbor's life.
17
ambivalent
/æmˈbɪv.əl.ənt/

Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something.

She felt ambivalent about moving abroad, excited yet anxious.
18
amiable
/ˈeɪ.mi.ə.bl̩/

Having a friendly and pleasant manner.

Her amiable disposition made her popular with everyone.
19
anomaly
/əˈnɒm.ə.li/

Something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.

The unusually warm December was a weather anomaly for the region.
20
arbitrary
/ˈɑːr.bɪ.trər.i/

Based on random choice rather than reason or system.

The selection criteria seemed completely arbitrary.
21
arduous
/ˈɑːr.dʒu.əs/

Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult.

The arduous climb to the summit took over eight hours.
22
arena
/əˈriː.nə/

A large flat area surrounded by seats, used for sports or concerts.

The band played to a packed arena.
23
ascertain
/ˌæs.ərˈteɪn/

To find out something for certain.

The investigators worked to ascertain the cause of the fire.
24
assert
/əˈsɜːrt/

To state something firmly and confidently.

She asserted that the figures were accurate.
25
astute
/əˈstjuːt/

Having the ability to accurately assess situations.

The astute investor recognized the opportunity early.
26
atrocity
/əˈtrɑː.sə.ti/

An extremely cruel and violent act.

The tribunal investigated atrocities committed during the war.
27
austere
/ɒˈstɪər/

Severe or strict in manner or appearance; plain and simple.

The monastery followed an austere way of life.
28
auto
/ˈɔː.toʊ/

A car, or relating to cars.

The state's auto industry employs thousands of workers.
29
autonomy
/ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi/

The right or condition of self-governance.

The region was granted greater autonomy over local affairs.
30
awry
/əˈraɪ/

Away from the expected course; amiss.

Their carefully laid plans went awry at the last moment.
31
belligerent
/bəˈlɪdʒ.ər.ənt/

Hostile and aggressive; willing to fight.

The belligerent customer refused to leave the store without a refund.
32
benevolent
/bɪˈnev.əl.ənt/

Well-meaning and kindly; generous in spirit.

The benevolent donor funded scholarships for underprivileged students.
33
benign
/bɪˈnaɪn/

Gentle and kindly; not harmful in effect.

Thankfully, the medical tests showed the tumor was benign.
34
blatant
/ˈbleɪ.tənt/

Done openly and unashamedly; completely lacking in subtlety.

The plagiarism in the student's paper was a blatant violation of academic policy.
35
bolster
/ˈboʊl.stər/

To support, strengthen, or reinforce.

New evidence bolstered the defense attorney's case.
36
bounce
/baʊns/

To spring back from a surface after hitting it.

The ball continued to bounce down the staircase.
37
bow
/bəʊ/

A weapon made of a curved piece of wood or other flexible material whose ends are connected by a string, used for shooting arrows.

She gave a slight bow of her head in greeting.
38
breach
/britʃ/

A gap or opening made by breaking or battering, as in a wall, fortification or levee / embankment; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence

a breach of contract/copyright/warranty
39
brevity
/ˈbrev.ə.ti/

Concise and exact use of words; shortness of time.

The brevity of his speech surprised everyone who expected a long address.
40
brusque
/brʌsk/

Abrupt or offhand in speech or manner.

His brusque reply offended the polite visitor.
41
brutal
/ˈbruː.təl/

Extremely violent and cruel.

The dictator's brutal regime lasted twenty years.
42
burden
/ˈbɜːr.dən/

A heavy load or something that is carried with difficulty.

The tax increase placed a heavy burden on small businesses.
43
burgeon
/ˈbɜːr.dʒən/

To begin to grow or increase rapidly; to flourish.

The tech industry continued to burgeon despite economic uncertainty.
44
callous
/ˈkæl.əs/

Showing a cruel disregard for others.

His callous remarks about the victims shocked the public.
45
candor
/ˈkæn.dər/

The quality of being open and honest in expression.

She appreciated his candor about the difficult situation.
46
capitulate
/kəˈpɪtʃ.ə.leɪt/

To cease to resist an opponent or unwelcome demand.

After weeks of siege, the defenders were forced to capitulate.
47
captivate
/ˈkæp.tɪ.veɪt/

To attract and hold the attention or interest of someone.

The storyteller captivated the audience with tales of adventure.
48
catalyst
/ˈkæt.əl.ɪst/

A person or thing that precipitates an event or change.

The new CEO served as a catalyst for transforming the company culture.
49
cautious
/ˈkɔː.ʃəs/

Careful to avoid danger or mistakes.

Investors are cautious about the new market.
50
censure
/ˈsen.ʃər/

To express severe disapproval of someone formally.

The committee voted to censure the member for misconduct.
51
chaste
/tʃeɪst/

Abstaining from extramarital or all sexual intercourse; pure in style.

The chaste design of the building reflected a minimalist philosophy.
52
cling
/klɪŋ/

To hold on tightly to someone or something.

The child clung to her mother's hand in the crowd.
53
coalesce
/ˌkoʊ.əˈles/

To come together and form one mass or whole.

Several small protest groups coalesced into a powerful movement.
54
collaborate
/kəˈlæb.ər.eɪt/

To work jointly with others on an activity or project.

The two companies decided to collaborate on the research.
55
companion
/kəmˈpæn.jən/

A person who shares an activity or journey with another.

Her dog was a faithful companion for over ten years.
56
compelling
/kəmˈpel.ɪŋ/

Evoking interest or attention in a powerfully irresistible way.

She made a compelling case for changing the policy.
57
compensate
/ˈkɒm.pən.seɪt/

To make up for something unwelcome by providing something good.

The company offered to compensate employees for the overtime.
58
competent
/ˈkɑːm.pə.tənt/

Having the skill or ability to do something well.

She is a highly competent project manager.
59
complacent
/kəmˈpleɪ.sənt/

Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself.

The team became complacent after their early success.
60
comply
/kəmˈplaɪ/

To act in accordance with a wish or command.

All employees must comply with the safety regulations.
61
conceal
/kənˈsiːl/

To keep from sight; to hide.

He tried to conceal the evidence under his coat.
62
concession
/kənˈseʃ.ən/

Something you agree to give up in order to end a disagreement.

Both sides made concessions to reach a deal.
63
conflate
/kənˈfleɪt/

To merge two or more concepts into one.

People often conflate weather with climate.
64
conjecture
/kənˈdʒek.tʃər/

An opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information.

Without more evidence, any explanation is mere conjecture.
65
conquer
/ˈkɒŋ.kər/

To overcome and take control of by military force or effort.

The army set out to conquer the neighboring territory.
66
consensus
/kənˈsen.səs/

A general agreement among a group of people.

The committee reached a consensus after a long discussion.
67
consistency
/kənˈsɪs.tən.si/

The quality of always behaving or performing in a similar way.

The team's consistency won them the league title.
68
constitutional
/ˌkɑːn.stɪˈtuː.ʃən.əl/

Relating to or allowed by a country's constitution.

The court ruled the new law constitutional.
69
constraint
/kənˈstreɪnt/

A limitation or restriction.

Budget constraints forced the team to cut several features.
70
contemplate
/ˈkɒn.təm.pleɪt/

To look at thoughtfully for a long time; to think deeply about.

She sat on the beach contemplating her next career move.
71
contempt
/kənˈtempt/

The feeling that a person or thing is beneath consideration.

He spoke with open contempt for the failed proposal.
72
contentious
/kənˈten.ʃəs/

Causing or likely to cause disagreement or argument.

The contentious issue divided the community for months.
73
contributor
/kənˈtrɪb.jə.tər/

A person who gives money, help, or content to something.

She is a regular contributor to the science magazine.
74
conundrum
/kəˈnʌn.drəm/

A confusing and difficult problem or question.

The budget deficit presented a real conundrum for the city council.
75
copious
/ˈkoʊ.pi.əs/

Abundant in supply or quantity.

She took copious notes during every lecture to prepare for exams.
76
corroborate
/kəˈrɒb.ər.eɪt/

To confirm or give support to a statement or theory.

Witnesses corroborated the victim's account of the incident.
77
coup
/kuː/

A sudden, illegal seizure of power from a government.

The general seized power in a military coup.
78
courtesy
/ˈkɜːr.tə.si/

Polite behavior and respect for others.

He greeted every guest with great courtesy.
79
curtail
/kɜːrˈteɪl/

To reduce in extent or quantity.

The company had to curtail spending to avoid bankruptcy.
80
daunting
/ˈdɔːn.tɪŋ/

Seeming difficult to deal with; intimidating.

Climbing Mount Everest is a daunting challenge even for experienced mountaineers.
81
debilitate
/dɪˈbɪl.ɪ.teɪt/

To make someone very weak and infirm.

The tropical disease debilitated him for several months.
82
decision-making
/dɪˈsɪʒ.ənˌmeɪ.kɪŋ/

The process of choosing what to do, especially in an organization.

Employees want a bigger role in decision-making.
83
deed
/diːd/

An action that is performed intentionally; a legal document.

Helping the elderly neighbor was a kind deed.
84
deference
/ˈdef.ər.əns/

Humble submission and respect.

She spoke with deference to the senior judge.
85
deft
/deft/

Neatly skillful and quick in one's movements.

With a few deft strokes, the artist transformed the blank canvas.
86
delineate
/dɪˈlɪn.i.eɪt/

To describe or portray something precisely; to outline.

The contract clearly delineated the responsibilities of each party.
87
deluge
/ˈdel.juːdʒ/

A severe flood; a great quantity of something arriving at once.

The customer service team was overwhelmed by a deluge of complaints.
88
demagogue
/ˈdem.ə.ɡɒɡ/

A political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular prejudices.

The demagogue stirred up fear to gain votes.
89
depict
/dɪˈpɪkt/

To show or describe something in a picture or story.

The painting depicts a quiet village in winter.
90
derelict
/ˈder.ə.lɪkt/

In a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect.

The derelict building was scheduled for demolition.
91
derivative
/dɪˈrɪv.ə.tɪv/

Imitative of the work of another person; not original.

Critics dismissed the film as derivative and lacking fresh ideas.
92
desirable
/dɪˈzaɪr.ə.bəl/

Worth having or wanted by many people.

The apartment is in a highly desirable neighborhood.
93
detection
/dɪˈtek.ʃən/

The act of discovering or noticing something hidden.

Early detection of the disease saves lives.
94
deteriorate
/dɪˈtɪr.i.ə.reɪt/

To become progressively worse.

The patient's condition continued to deteriorate overnight.
95
devise
/dɪˈvaɪz/

To invent a plan or system using careful thought.

Engineers devised a new method for recycling plastic.
96
digression
/daɪˈɡreʃ.ən/

A departure from the main subject in speech or writing.

After a brief digression, the speaker returned to the main topic.
97
dilemma
/dɪˈlem.ə/

A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made.

She faced the dilemma of choosing between two job offers.
98
diminish
/dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/

To make or become less.

Nothing could diminish her enthusiasm for the project.
99
discern
/dɪˈsɜːrn/

To perceive or recognize something clearly.

It was difficult to discern the truth from the conflicting reports.
100
disclose
/dɪsˈkloʊz/

To make secret or new information known.

The company refused to disclose the terms of the agreement.
101
disparity
/dɪˈspær.ə.ti/

A great difference or inequality.

The disparity in wages between men and women has narrowed but still exists.
102
disposal
/dɪˈspoʊ.zəl/

The act of getting rid of something.

The city improved its system for waste disposal.
103
disrupt
/dɪsˈrʌpt/

To interrupt something and stop it from continuing normally.

The snowstorm disrupted flights across the country.
104
disseminate
/dɪˈsem.ɪ.neɪt/

To spread information, knowledge, or ideas widely.

The organization worked to disseminate accurate health information.
105
dissent
/dɪˈsent/

The expression of opinions at variance with the official view.

The court ruling was issued over strong dissent from two judges.
106
distress
/dɪˈstres/

Great suffering, worry, or pain.

The lost child was clearly in distress.
107
documentation
/ˌdɑː.kjə.menˈteɪ.ʃən/

Official documents that prove or record something.

Keep all the documentation from the purchase.
108
dogmatic
/dɒɡˈmæt.ɪk/

Inclined to lay down principles as undeniably true.

His dogmatic approach to management left no room for creative thinking.
109
dose
/doʊs/

A measured amount of medicine taken at one time.

Do not exceed the recommended dose.
110
dubious
/ˈdjuː.bi.əs/

Hesitating or doubting; not to be relied upon.

The evidence supporting the claim is dubious at best.
111
eager
/ˈiː.ɡər/

Strongly wanting to do or have something.

The students were eager to start the experiment.
112
eclectic
/ɪˈklek.tɪk/

Deriving ideas or style from a broad range of sources.

Her eclectic taste in music ranged from jazz to heavy metal.
113
efficacy
/ˈef.ɪ.kə.si/

The ability to produce a desired or intended result.

Clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of the new vaccine.
114
elaborate
/ɪˈlæb.ər.ət/

Involving many carefully arranged parts; detailed.

She prepared an elaborate presentation for the board meeting.
115
elicit
/ɪˈlɪs.ɪt/

To draw out a response or reaction from someone.

The comedian's joke elicited a roar of laughter.
116
elite
/ɪˈliːt/

The richest, most powerful, or most talented group in a society.

Only the sporting elite compete at the Olympics.
117
eloquent
/ˈel.ə.kwənt/

Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.

The lawyer delivered an eloquent closing argument that moved the jury.
118
embellish
/ɪmˈbel.ɪʃ/

To make something more attractive by adding decorative details.

She embellished the story with a few amusing anecdotes.
119
empirical
/ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/

Based on observation or experiment rather than theory.

The theory is supported by strong empirical evidence.
120
emulate
/ˈem.jə.leɪt/

To match or surpass by imitation.

Young athletes often emulate the techniques of their sporting heroes.
121
endure
/ɪnˈdjʊr/

To suffer something painful or difficult patiently.

She had to endure months of rehabilitation after the surgery.
122
enforce
/ɪnˈfɔːrs/

To make people obey a law or rule.

Police strictly enforce the speed limit here.
123
enigma
/ɪˈnɪɡ.mə/

A person or thing that is mysterious or difficult to understand.

The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains an enigma.
124
enumerate
/ɪˈnjuː.mər.eɪt/

To mention things one by one in a list.

The lawyer enumerated each violation committed by the defendant.
125
epidemic
/ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/

A situation in which a disease spreads quickly to many people.

The flu epidemic closed schools across the region.
126
evoke
/ɪˈvoʊk/

To bring or recall a feeling, memory, or image to mind.

The photograph evoked memories of her childhood.
127
exacerbate
/ɪɡˈzæs.ər.beɪt/

To make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse.

The drought exacerbated the food shortage in the region.
128
exemplary
/ɪɡˈzem.plər.i/

Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.

Her exemplary behavior earned the respect of all her peers.
129
exile
/ˈek.saɪl/

The state of being forced to live away from your own country.

The writer spent years in exile abroad.
130
exonerate
/ɪɡˈzɒn.ər.eɪt/

To absolve someone from blame for a fault or wrongdoing.

The new evidence exonerated the suspect after years of wrongful imprisonment.
131
expedient
/ɪkˈspiː.di.ənt/

Convenient and practical, though possibly improper or immoral.

The quick fix was expedient but not a long-term solution.
132
explicitly
/ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt.li/

In a clear and detailed manner, leaving no room for doubt.

The rules were explicitly stated in the employee handbook.
133
exuberant
/ɪɡˈzuː.bər.ənt/

Filled with lively energy and excitement.

The exuberant puppy greeted everyone with enthusiastic tail wagging.
134
fallacy
/ˈfæl.ə.si/

A mistaken belief based on unsound reasoning.

The idea that we only use ten percent of our brain is a common fallacy.
135
fathom
/ˈfæð.əm/

To understand something after much thought.

I cannot fathom why anyone would want to skydive.
136
favourable
/ˈfeɪ.vər.ə.bəl/

Showing approval, or giving an advantage.

The film received favourable reviews from critics.
137
feminist
/ˈfem.ə.nɪst/

A person who supports equal rights for women.

As a feminist, she campaigns for equal pay.
138
fervent
/ˈfɜːr.vənt/

Having or displaying passionate intensity.

She was a fervent advocate for environmental protection.
139
fervor
/ˈfɜːr.vər/

Intense and passionate feeling.

The crowd cheered with patriotic fervor during the parade.
140
fierce
/fɪrs/

Having or displaying an intense or ferocious aggressiveness.

The fierce storm knocked down several trees.
141
flagrant
/ˈfleɪ.ɡrənt/

Conspicuously or obviously offensive.

The referee called a flagrant foul on the aggressive player.
142
flaw
/flɔː/

A fault or weakness that makes something imperfect.

The investigation found a flaw in the bridge's design.
143
fledgling
/ˈfledʒ.lɪŋ/

A young bird that has just fledged; a person or organization that is new.

The fledgling company grew rapidly in its first year.
144
flourish
/ˈflɜːr.ɪʃ/

To grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way.

The small business flourished after they expanded their online presence.
145
formidable
/ˈfɔːr.mɪ.də.bl̩/

Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively powerful.

The chess grandmaster was a formidable opponent for any challenger.
146
formula
/ˈfɔːr.mjə.lə/

A mathematical or chemical rule written in symbols, or a fixed method.

The chemical formula for water is H2O.
147
fragile
/ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/

Easily broken or damaged; delicate.

The fragile glass ornament required careful handling.
148
frivolous
/ˈfrɪv.əl.əs/

Not having any serious purpose or value.

The judge dismissed the frivolous lawsuit immediately.
149
frugal
/ˈfruː.ɡəl/

Sparing or economical with regard to money or resources.

Her frugal habits allowed her to save enough for a house by thirty.
150
frustrating
/ˈfrʌs.treɪ.tɪŋ/

Making you feel annoyed because you cannot achieve what you want.

It's frustrating when the website keeps crashing.
151
galvanize
/ˈɡæl.və.naɪz/

To shock or excite someone into taking action.

The documentary galvanized public support for the conservation effort.
152
glean
/ɡliːn/

To extract information from various sources; to gather bit by bit.

Researchers gleaned valuable data from thousands of survey responses.
153
glimpse
/ɡlɪmps/

A momentary or partial view of something.

She caught a glimpse of the deer before it disappeared into the forest.
154
grandiose
/ˈɡræn.di.oʊs/

Impressive and imposing in appearance or style; extravagantly ambitious.

His grandiose plans for the building far exceeded the available budget.
155
haphazard
/hæpˈhæz.ərd/

Lacking any plan, order, or direction.

Books were arranged in a haphazard manner across every surface.
156
harmony
/ˈhɑːr.mə.ni/

A pleasing combination of elements or agreement in feelings.

The community lived in harmony despite their cultural differences.
157
harsh
/hɑːrʃ/

Unpleasantly rough or jarring to the senses; cruel.

The harsh winter made travel extremely difficult.
158
harvest
/ˈhɑːr.vɪst/

The process of gathering in crops.

The autumn harvest yielded an abundance of wheat.
159
heresy
/ˈher.ə.si/

Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox doctrine.

His scientific claims were once considered heresy.
160
hierarchy
/ˈhaɪ.ə.rɑːr.ki/

A system in which members are ranked according to status.

The company has a strict management hierarchy.
161
hint
/hɪnt/

A slight or indirect indication or suggestion.

He dropped a hint about the surprise party.
162
hook
/hʊk/

A curved piece of metal or plastic for hanging or catching things.

Hang your coat on the hook behind the door.
163
hostile
/ˈhɒs.taɪl/

Unfriendly and opposed to something.

The crowd grew hostile as the wait continued.
164
hostility
/hɑːˈstɪl.ə.ti/

Unfriendly or aggressive feelings or behavior.

There was open hostility between the two groups.
165
humble
/ˈhʌm.bl̩/

Having a modest or low view of one's importance.

Despite his fame, he remained humble and approachable.
166
hypochondriac
/ˌhaɪ.pəˈkɒn.dri.æk/

A person who is abnormally anxious about their health.

The hypochondriac visited the doctor for every minor symptom.
167
hypothetical
/ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet.ɪ.kəl/

Based on an imagined situation rather than one that actually happened.

The professor posed a hypothetical scenario for the students to debate.
168
idyllic
/ɪˈdɪl.ɪk/

Extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque.

They spent an idyllic week in a remote mountain cabin.
169
immense
/ɪˈmens/

Extremely large or great in scale or degree.

The immense popularity of the show surprised its creators.
170
impartial
/ɪmˈpɑːr.ʃəl/

Treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.

A good judge must remain impartial regardless of personal feelings.
171
impeccable
/ɪmˈpek.ə.bl̩/

In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.

The chef's impeccable technique produced dishes of extraordinary quality.
172
impervious
/ɪmˈpɜːr.vi.əs/

Not allowing fluid to pass through; unable to be affected.

She seemed impervious to criticism, maintaining her confidence regardless.
173
inappropriate
/ˌɪn.əˈproʊ.pri.ət/

Not suitable for a particular situation.

His jokes were inappropriate for a business meeting.
174
indigenous
/ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place.

The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
175
inequality
/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒlɪti/

An unfair, not equal, state.

We need to tackle inequality of opportunity wherever we find it.
176
infamous
/ˈɪnfəməs/

Having a bad reputation, disreputable; notoriously bad, unpleasant or evil; widely known, especially for something bad.

He was an infamous perjurer.
177
inhibit
/ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/

To hinder, restrain, or prevent an action or process.

Fear of failure can inhibit creativity.
178
innate
/ɪˈneɪt/

Inborn; natural rather than learned.

She seemed to have an innate talent for playing the piano.
179
insidious
/ɪnˈsɪd.i.əs/

Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way but with harmful effects.

The insidious spread of misinformation poses a threat to democracy.
180
instinct
/ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/

A natural tendency to behave in a certain way without thinking.

Birds build nests by instinct.
181
instruct
/ɪnˈstrʌkt/

To teach someone, or to officially tell them to do something.

The coach instructed the players to slow the game down.
182
integrated
/ˈɪntəˌɡreɪtɪd/

To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect.

an integrated programme of patient care
183
integrity
/ɪnˈteɡ.rə.ti/

The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.

Her integrity made her the ideal candidate for the position.
184
intent
/ɪnˈtɛnt/

A purpose; something that is intended.

She denies possessing the drug with intent to supply.
185
intimate
/ˈɪn.tə.mət/

Very close and personal; private.

The restaurant has a quiet, intimate atmosphere.
186
intrepid
/ɪnˈtrep.ɪd/

Fearless and adventurous.

The intrepid explorers ventured deep into the uncharted jungle.
187
irrelevant
/ɪˈrel.ə.vənt/

Not connected with or important to the matter being discussed.

His age is irrelevant to whether he can do the job.
188
jarring
/ˈdʒɑːr.ɪŋ/

Causing a sudden unpleasant shock; incongruous.

The modern skyscraper looked jarring next to the medieval cathedral.
189
jubilant
/ˈdʒuː.bɪ.lənt/

Feeling or expressing great happiness and triumph.

The jubilant crowd celebrated the team's championship victory.
190
judicious
/dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs/

Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.

A judicious use of resources ensured the project stayed within budget.
191
jurisdiction
/ˌdʒʊr.ɪsˈdɪk.ʃən/

The official power to make legal decisions in an area.

The case falls outside the court's jurisdiction.
192
kidney
/ˈkɪd.ni/

One of the two organs that clean your blood and make urine.

He donated a kidney to his brother.
193
kinetic
/kɪˈnet.ɪk/

Relating to or resulting from motion.

The sculpture was a kinetic art installation that moved with the wind.
194
kinship
/ˈkɪn.ʃɪp/

A sharing of characteristics or origins; family relationship.

She felt a strong sense of kinship with fellow travelers abroad.
195
kudos
/ˈkuː.dɒs/

Praise and honor received for an achievement.

She received kudos from her colleagues for the innovative design.
196
labyrinth
/ˈlæb.ə.rɪnθ/

A complicated irregular network of passages or paths; a maze.

The old castle contained a labyrinth of underground tunnels.
197
lad
/læd/

A boy or young man.

He's a friendly lad who helps his neighbors.
198
lament
/ləˈment/

To express sorrow, regret, or unhappiness about something.

The poet lamented the loss of the ancient forest.
199
lawsuit
/ˈlɔː.suːt/

A legal case brought to a court by one person or group against another.

The company faces a lawsuit over the faulty product.
200
legitimate
/lɪˈdʒɪt.ɪ.mət/

Conforming to the law or to rules; justifiable.

She had a legitimate reason for being absent from work.
201
lethargic
/ləˈθɑːr.dʒɪk/

Affected by lethargy; sluggish and apathetic.

The hot weather made everyone feel lethargic and unwilling to move.
202
leverage
/ˈlev.ər.ɪdʒ/

To use something to maximum advantage; strategic influence.

She leveraged her extensive network to find new business opportunities.
203
liaise
/liˈeɪz/

To establish a working relationship, typically to cooperate on mutual concerns.

The department was tasked to liaise with international partners on the project.
204
liberty
/ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions.

The constitution guarantees the liberty of its citizens.
205
limb
/lɪm/

An arm or leg of a person, or a large branch of a tree.

The accident left him unable to move one limb.
206
linger
/ˈlɪŋ.ɡər/

To stay in a place longer than necessary.

The smell of freshly baked bread lingered in the kitchen.
207
loom
/luːm/

A utensil; tool; a weapon; (usually in compound) an article in general.

A dark shape loomed up ahead of us.
208
lucid
/ˈluː.sɪd/

Expressed clearly and easy to understand.

The professor gave a lucid explanation of quantum mechanics.
209
malleable
/ˈmæl.i.ə.bl̩/

Easily influenced or shaped; capable of being hammered without breaking.

Gold is one of the most malleable metals known to humanity.
210
manipulate
/məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/

To handle or control something in a skillful or devious manner.

He tried to manipulate the data to support his argument.
211
mayhem
/ˈmeɪ.hem/

Violent or damaging disorder; chaos.

The storm caused mayhem throughout the city.
212
meaningful
/ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fəl/

Having a clear purpose, importance, or significance.

They had a meaningful conversation about their future.
213
melancholy
/ˈmel.ən.kɒl.i/

A deep, persistent sadness or pensive gloom.

Autumn often brings a sense of melancholy with its fading light.
214
merchant
/ˈmɜːr.tʃənt/

A person or company involved in wholesale trade.

The silk merchant traveled the ancient trade routes.
215
mercy
/ˈmɜːr.si/

Compassion or forgiveness shown to someone.

The judge showed mercy and reduced the sentence.
216
merely
/ˈmɪr.li/

Just; only.

I merely suggested an alternative approach.
217
meticulous
/mɪˈtɪk.jə.ləs/

Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.

The meticulous artist spent months perfecting every brushstroke.
218
misstatement
/ˌmɪsˈsteɪt.mənt/

A wrong or inaccurate statement.

The report contained a serious misstatement of the financial figures.
219
mitigate
/ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/

To make something less severe, serious, or painful.

Planting trees can mitigate the effects of urban heat islands.
220
mob
/mɑːb/

A large, angry, or uncontrolled crowd of people.

An angry mob gathered outside the courthouse.
221
motorist
/ˈmoʊ.tər.ɪst/

A person who drives a car.

The new road signs confused many motorists.
222
mundane
/mʌnˈdeɪn/

Lacking interest or excitement; dull and ordinary.

He wanted to escape the mundane routine of his office job.
223
mutual
/ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/

Felt or done equally by two or more people; shared.

Their friendship is based on mutual respect.
224
myriad
/ˈmɪr.i.əd/

A countless or extremely great number of things.

The night sky revealed a myriad of stars invisible in the city.
225
neglect
/nɪˈɡlekt/

To fail to care for properly or give proper attention to.

He neglected his health by skipping meals and sleeping poorly.
226
noble
/ˈnoʊ.bl̩/

Having or showing fine personal qualities or high moral principles.

It was a noble gesture to donate all the proceeds to charity.
227
nonchalant
/ˌnɒn.ʃəˈlɑːnt/

Feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed.

He gave a nonchalant shrug when asked about his exam results.
228
notorious
/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs/

Famous or well known, typically for some bad quality.

The notorious criminal was finally captured after years on the run.
229
nuance
/ˈnjuː.ɑːns/

A subtle difference in meaning, expression, or sound.

A skilled translator captures every nuance of the original text.
230
oblivion
/əˈblɪv.i.ən/

The state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening.

Many once-famous songs have faded into complete oblivion.
231
occurrence
/əˈkɜːr.əns/

Something that happens, or the fact of happening.

Power cuts are a common occurrence in the storm season.
232
offal
/ˈɒf.əl/

The entrails and internal organs of an animal used as food.

In many cultures, offal is considered a delicacy.
233
ominous
/ˈɒm.ɪ.nəs/

Giving the impression that something bad is going to happen.

Dark, ominous clouds gathered on the horizon before the storm.
234
optical
/ˈɑːp.tɪ.kəl/

Relating to light, sight, or the eyes.

The drawing creates a clever optical illusion.
235
ornate
/ɔːrˈneɪt/

Made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns.

The ornate ceiling of the palace dazzled visitors.
236
oscillate
/ˈɒs.ɪ.leɪt/

To move or swing back and forth in a regular rhythm.

Her mood seemed to oscillate between excitement and anxiety.
237
outing
/ˈaʊ.tɪŋ/

A short trip made for pleasure.

The class went on an outing to the science museum.
238
overlook
/ˌoʊ.vərˈlʊk/

To fail to notice something, or to have a view over a place.

The inspector overlooked a serious fault in the wiring.
239
overt
/oʊˈvɜːrt/

Done or shown openly; not secret or hidden.

There were no overt signs of hostility between the two groups.
240
paradigm
/ˈpær.ə.daɪm/

A typical example or pattern of something; a model.

The discovery represented a paradigm shift in our understanding of genetics.
241
partially
/ˈpɑːr.ʃəl.i/

Only in part; not completely.

The road was partially blocked by a fallen tree.
242
partisan
/ˈpɑːr.tɪ.zən/

A strong supporter of a party, cause, or person.

The debate revealed deep partisan divisions in the legislature.
243
peculiar
/pɪˈkjuː.li.ər/

Strange or odd; unusual in a way that attracts attention.

There was a peculiar smell coming from the old laboratory.
244
pensive
/ˈpen.sɪv/

Engaged in deep or serious thought.

She sat by the window with a pensive expression, lost in memories.
245
penultimate
/pɪˈnʌl.tɪ.mət/

Last but one in a series; second to last.

The penultimate chapter of the book contained the biggest plot twist.
246
persist
/pərˈsɪst/

To continue firmly in an opinion or course of action.

She persisted with her research despite many setbacks.
247
persistent
/pərˈsɪs.tənt/

Continuing to do something despite difficulty, or lasting a long time.

Her persistent efforts finally paid off.
248
pit
/pɪt/

A large hole in the ground.

Workers dug a deep pit for the foundations.
249
pledge
/pledʒ/

A solemn promise or undertaking.

She made a pledge to support the charity every year.
250
plethora
/ˈpleθ.ər.ə/

An excess or overabundance of something.

The bookstore offered a plethora of titles on every imaginable subject.
251
portfolio
/pɔːrtˈfoʊ.li.oʊ/

A collection of work samples or investments.

The designer showed her portfolio at the interview.
252
portray
/pɔːrˈtreɪ/

To depict in a work of art or literature; to describe.

The actor portrayed the historical figure with great accuracy.
253
postpone
/poʊstˈpoʊn/

To delay an event until a later time.

The match was postponed because of heavy rain.
254
pragmatic
/præɡˈmæt.ɪk/

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically; practical.

She took a pragmatic approach to solving the budget crisis.
255
precedent
/ˈpres.ɪ.dənt/

An earlier event or action serving as an example.

The court ruling set an important legal precedent.
256
predecessor
/ˈpred.ə.ses.ər/

The person who had a job or position before someone else.

The new director reversed many of her predecessor's policies.
257
preliminary
/prɪˈlɪm.ɪ.nər.i/

Denoting an action or event preceding the main one.

The preliminary results were encouraging.
258
prestigious
/pɹə-/

Of high prestige.

She has a prestigious job with an international organization.
259
presumably
/prɪˈzjuː.mə.bli/

Used to convey that something is very likely.

Presumably, they will announce the results tomorrow.
260
presume
/pɹɪˈzjuːm/

With infinitive object: to be so presumptuous as (to do something) without proper authority or permission.

I wouldn't presume to tell him how to do his job.
261
privilege
/ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒ/

A special advantage available only to a particular person or group.

Access to clean water should be a right, not a privilege.
262
productive
/prəˈdʌk.tɪv/

Producing a lot of work or good results.

We had a very productive meeting this morning.
263
profound
/prəˈfaʊnd/

Very great or intense; having deep insight.

The book had a profound impact on her worldview.
264
prolific
/prəˈlɪf.ɪk/

Producing much fruit, foliage, or many offspring; highly productive.

The prolific author published over fifty novels in her career.
265
propensity
/prəˈpen.sə.ti/

An inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way.

He had a propensity for making impulsive decisions he later regretted.
266
proponent
/prəˈpoʊ.nənt/

A person who advocates a theory, proposal, or project.

She was a leading proponent of renewable energy.
267
prosecutor
/ˈprɑː.sɪ.kjuː.tər/

A lawyer who tries to prove in court that someone is guilty.

The prosecutor presented new evidence to the jury.
268
prosperity
/prɑːˈsper.ə.ti/

The state of being successful and having a lot of money.

The discovery of oil brought prosperity to the region.
269
provincial
/prəˈvɪn.ʃəl/

Relating to a province; unsophisticated or narrow-minded.

His provincial attitude limited his understanding of the world.
270
prudent
/ˈpruː.dənt/

Acting with or showing care and thought for the future.

It would be prudent to save money for emergencies.
271
quaint
/kweɪnt/

Attractively unusual or old-fashioned.

They stayed in a quaint cottage in the English countryside.
272
quintessential
/ˌkwɪn.tɪˈsen.ʃəl/

Representing the most perfect or typical example of something.

Paris is the quintessential romantic city.
273
raid
/reɪd/

A sudden surprise attack, or a police visit to search a place.

Police carried out a raid on the warehouse at dawn.
274
rally
/ˈræl.i/

A large public meeting held to support something.

Thousands joined the rally for climate action.
275
rampant
/ˈræm.pənt/

Flourishing or spreading unchecked.

Corruption was rampant throughout the administration.
276
rancid
/ˈræn.sɪd/

Smelling or tasting unpleasant as a result of being old and stale.

The butter had turned rancid after being left out in the heat.
277
recluse
/rɪˈkluːs/

A person who lives a solitary life and avoids other people.

The famous author became a recluse in his later years.
278
rectify
/ˈrek.tɪ.faɪ/

To put right; to correct an error or undesirable situation.

The company took immediate steps to rectify the billing mistake.
279
referendum
/ˌref.əˈren.dəm/

A vote in which all the people of a country decide on a question.

The country held a referendum on joining the union.
280
refuge
/ˈref.juːdʒ/

A place that gives shelter or protection from danger.

The hikers took refuge in a mountain hut during the storm.
281
refurbish
/riːˈfɜːr.bɪʃ/

To renovate and redecorate something.

The hotel was closed for six months to refurbish the rooms.
282
refusal
/rɪˈfjuː.zəl/

The act of saying you will not do or accept something.

Her refusal to apologize ended the friendship.
283
refute
/rɪˈfjuːt/

To prove a statement or theory to be wrong.

The scientist presented data to refute the earlier findings.
284
reluctant
/rɪˈlʌk.tənt/

Unwilling and hesitant; disinclined.

He was reluctant to speak in front of the large audience.
285
remedy
/ˈrem.ə.di/

A medicine or treatment for a disease or injury.

Hot tea with honey is a popular remedy for a sore throat.
286
remuneration
/rɪˌmjuː.nəˈreɪ.ʃən/

Money paid for work or a service; compensation.

The remuneration package included a generous salary and stock options.
287
replenish
/rɪˈplen.ɪʃ/

To fill something up again or restore to its former level.

The spring rains replenished the reservoir after a long drought.
288
reproach
/rɪˈproʊtʃ/

To express disapproval or disappointment.

She reproached him for breaking his promise.
289
rescind
/rɪˈsɪnd/

To revoke, cancel, or repeal a law, order, or agreement.

The company decided to rescind the controversial policy.
290
resemble
/rɪˈzem.bl̩/

To look or seem like.

The child closely resembled her mother.
291
resilient
/rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt/

Able to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks.

She proved resilient after the setback and bounced back stronger.
292
respite
/ˈres.pɪt/

A short period of rest or relief from something difficult.

The weekend provided a welcome respite from the hectic workweek.
293
retreat
/rɪˈtriːt/

To move back or away from a place or situation.

The army was forced to retreat across the river.
294
rhetoric
/ˈret.ər.ɪk/

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.

Her powerful rhetoric inspired thousands to join the cause.
295
robust
/roʊˈbʌst/

Strong and healthy; vigorous.

The economy showed robust growth in the second quarter.
296
rudimentary
/ˌruː.dɪˈmen.tər.i/

Involving or limited to basic principles; at a very elementary level.

His rudimentary knowledge of French was barely enough to order a meal.
297
sacrifice
/ˈsæk.rə.faɪs/

To give up something valuable for the sake of something more important.

She sacrificed her weekends to finish the project.
298
salient
/ˈseɪ.li.ənt/

Most noticeable or important; prominent.

The report highlighted the most salient findings of the investigation.
299
scathing
/ˈskeɪ.ðɪŋ/

Witheringly scornful; severely critical.

The reviewer wrote a scathing assessment of the performance.
300
scattered
/ˈskæt.ərd/

Spread over a wide area or far apart.

Toys lay scattered across the living room floor.
301
scrupulous
/ˈskruː.pjə.ləs/

Diligent, thorough, and extremely attentive to details.

The accountant maintained scrupulous records of every transaction.
302
scrutinize
/ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/

To examine or inspect closely and thoroughly.

The auditor scrutinized every financial record for discrepancies.
303
scrutiny
/ˈskruː.tɪ.ni/

Critical observation or examination.

The proposal came under intense scrutiny from regulators.
304
seal
/siːl/

To close something tightly so air or liquid cannot get in or out.

Seal the jar tightly before storing it.
305
segment
/ˈseɡ.mənt/

One of the parts into which something is divided.

The company targets a new segment of the market.
306
seize
/siːz/

To take hold of suddenly and forcibly.

The police moved quickly to seize the contraband.
307
seldom
/ˈsel.dəm/

Not often; rarely.

She seldom went out on weekday evenings.
308
serendipity
/ˌser.ənˈdɪp.ə.ti/

The occurrence of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way.

Finding the rare book at a garage sale was pure serendipity.
309
serial
/ˈsɪr.i.əl/

Happening in a series, or a story told in regular parts.

Police finally caught the serial burglar.
310
shatter
/ˈʃæt.ər/

To break suddenly into many small pieces.

The ball shattered the kitchen window.
311
solicitor
/səˈlɪs.ɪ.tər/

A lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares documents.

We asked a solicitor to check the contract before signing.
312
spectacle
/ˈspek.tə.kəl/

An impressive or unusual sight or public show.

The fireworks display was a magnificent spectacle.
313
spin
/spɪn/

To turn around quickly in circles.

The dancer spun gracefully across the stage.
314
squall
/skwɔːl/

A sudden violent gust of wind, often with rain.

The squall hit the sailboat without warning.
315
squelch
/skweltʃ/

To make a soft sucking sound; to suppress forcefully.

Their boots squelched through the thick mud.
316
straightforward
/ˌstreɪtˈfɔːr.wərd/

Easy to understand or do; honest and direct.

The instructions were straightforward and easy to follow.
317
strife
/straɪf/

Angry or bitter disagreement; conflict.

Political strife destabilized the country for decades.
318
stringent
/ˈstrɪn.dʒənt/

Strict, precise, and exacting in requirements.

The laboratory followed stringent safety protocols at all times.
319
subsidy
/ˈsʌbsɨdi/

Financial support or assistance, such as a grant.

Manufacturing firms are supported by government subsidies in some countries.
320
substantiate
/səbˈstæn.ʃi.eɪt/

To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of.

The detective needed more evidence to substantiate the claim.
321
subtle
/ˈsʌt.l̩/

So delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.

There was a subtle difference in flavor between the two wines.
322
suburban
/səˈbɜː(ɹ)bən/

A person who lives in a suburb.

suburban areas
323
successor
/səkˈsɛsə(ɹ)/

A person or thing that immediately follows another in holding an office or title.

George W. Bush was successor to Bill Clinton as President of the US.
324
succinct
/səkˈsɪŋkt/

Briefly and clearly expressed.

His succinct summary captured all the key points of the meeting.
325
summit
/ˈsʌm.ɪt/

The highest point of a hill or mountain.

They reached the summit after hours of climbing.
326
surrender
/səˈren.dər/

To cease resistance and submit to authority.

The soldiers were forced to surrender after running out of supplies.
327
suspension
/səˈspen.ʃən/

The act of stopping something for a period, or a temporary ban.

He received a two-match suspension for the foul.
328
sustain
/səˈsteɪn/

To strengthen or support physically or mentally.

A balanced diet helps sustain good health.
329
tantalize
/ˈtæn.tə.laɪz/

To torment or tease someone with something desirable but out of reach.

The aroma of freshly baked cookies tantalized everyone in the office.
330
taxpayer
/ˈtæks.peɪ.ər/

A person who pays taxes.

The stadium was built with taxpayers' money.
331
tenacious
/tɪˈneɪ.ʃəs/

Holding firmly to something; persistent and determined.

The tenacious journalist spent years investigating the corruption scandal.
332
tenant
/ˈten.ənt/

A person who pays rent to live in or use a place.

The landlord asked the tenant to sign a new lease.
333
tenuous
/ˈten.ju.əs/

Very weak or slight.

The connection between the two events was tenuous at best.
334
testify
/ˈtes.tə.faɪ/

To make a formal statement of truth in a court of law.

Two witnesses agreed to testify at the trial.
335
texture
/ˈteks.tʃər/

The way a surface feels when you touch it.

Velvet has a soft, smooth texture.
336
threshold
/ˈθreʃ.hoʊld/

A strip of wood or stone forming the bottom of a doorway; a level or point at which something begins.

The discovery marked a new threshold in scientific understanding.
337
tidings
/ˈtaɪ.dɪŋz/

News or information.

The messenger brought tidings of the victory.
338
toss
/tɒs/

To throw something lightly or casually.

She tossed the ball to her friend across the yard.
339
transcript
/ˈtræn.skrɪpt/

An exact written record of spoken words.

The court published a transcript of the interview.
340
transient
/ˈtræn.zi.ənt/

Lasting only for a short time; impermanent.

The transient beauty of autumn leaves reminds us to appreciate the present.
341
transit
/ˈtræn.zɪt/

The movement of people or goods from one place to another.

The package was damaged in transit.
342
triumph
/ˈtraɪ.ʌmf/

A great victory or achievement.

Winning the championship was a personal triumph for the coach.
343
truncate
/ˈtrʌŋ.keɪt/

To shorten something by cutting off the top or end.

The editor had to truncate the article to fit the available space.
344
ubiquitous
/juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/

Present, appearing, or found everywhere.

Smartphones have become ubiquitous in modern society.
345
ulterior
/ʌlˈtɪr.i.ər/

Existing beyond what is obvious or admitted; intentionally hidden.

She suspected he had ulterior motives for volunteering to help.
346
unassuming
/ˌʌn.əˈsuː.mɪŋ/

Not pretentious or arrogant; modest.

The unassuming scientist turned out to be a Nobel Prize winner.
347
undergraduate
/ˌʌn.dərˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/

A university student studying for a first degree.

He is an undergraduate studying history at Yale.
348
underlying
/ˌʌn.dərˈlaɪ.ɪŋ/

Real but not immediately obvious; forming the basis of something.

Stress was the underlying cause of his illness.
349
undermine
/ˌʌn.dərˈmaɪn/

To erode the base or foundation; to weaken gradually.

Constant criticism can undermine a person's confidence.
350
unprecedented
/ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/

Never done or known before; without previous example.

The pandemic caused unprecedented disruption to global supply chains.
351
untenable
/ʌnˈten.ə.bl̩/

Not able to be maintained or defended against criticism.

The CEO's position became untenable after the scandal was revealed.
352
unwavering
/ʌnˈweɪ.vər.ɪŋ/

Steady and resolute; not faltering or losing determination.

Her unwavering commitment to justice inspired an entire generation.
353
utilitarian
/ˌjuː.tɪl.ɪˈter.i.ən/

Designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive.

The apartment's utilitarian design maximized space in every room.
354
utility
/juːˈtɪl.ə.ti/

A public service such as electricity, gas, or water.

The rent includes all utility bills.
355
vacuum
/ˈvæk.juːm/

A space with no air or other matter in it.

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
356
vagabond
/ˈvæɡ.ə.bɒnd/

A person who wanders from place to place without a home.

The vagabond traveled the countryside, sleeping under the stars.
357
vanish
/ˈvæn.ɪʃ/

To disappear suddenly and completely.

The magician made the rabbit vanish from the hat.
358
vein
/veɪn/

One of the tubes that carry blood back to the heart.

The nurse found a vein and drew some blood.
359
veneer
/vɪˈnɪr/

An attractive appearance that covers something's true nature.

Beneath the veneer of politeness, there was obvious hostility.
360
venerable
/ˈven.ər.ə.bl̩/

Accorded great respect because of age, wisdom, or character.

The venerable professor had taught at the university for forty years.
361
veritable
/ˈver.ɪ.tə.bl̩/

Used as an intensifier to qualify a metaphor.

The garden was a veritable paradise of exotic flowers and rare plants.
362
vessel
/ˈves.əl/

A ship or large boat; a hollow container for holding liquids.

The cargo vessel arrived at the port early in the morning.
363
veteran
/ˈvet.ər.ən/

A person who served in the armed forces, or someone with long experience.

My grandfather is a veteran of the Korean War.
364
viable
/ˈvaɪ.ə.bl̩/

Capable of working successfully; feasible.

The plan was not commercially viable due to high costs.
365
vicarious
/vɪˈker.i.əs/

Experienced through the imagination through the feelings of another.

She got vicarious pleasure from watching her daughter perform on stage.
366
vindicate
/ˈvɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

To clear someone of blame or suspicion; to prove right.

New DNA evidence vindicated the man who had spent twenty years in prison.
367
vindictive
/vɪnˈdɪk.tɪv/

Having or showing a strong desire for revenge.

The vindictive ex-partner spread malicious rumors to cause harm.
368
virtue
/ˈvɜːr.tʃuː/

A good moral quality, such as honesty or kindness.

Patience is a virtue worth developing.
369
virulent
/ˈvɪr.ə.lənt/

Extremely severe or harmful in its effects.

The virulent strain of the virus spread rapidly.
370
visage
/ˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/

A person's face, with reference to the features.

Her tired visage revealed the stress of recent weeks.
371
vivacious
/vɪˈveɪ.ʃəs/

Attractively lively and animated.

The vivacious host kept the party entertaining all evening.
372
voracious
/vəˈreɪ.ʃəs/

Having a very eager approach to an activity; ravenous.

She was a voracious reader, finishing several books each week.
373
vulnerable
/ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bl̩/

Susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm.

The young saplings are vulnerable to frost damage.
374
watershed
/ˈwɔː.tər.ʃed/

A turning point or event marking a significant change.

The invention of the internet was a watershed moment in human communication.
375
whimsical
/ˈwɪm.zɪ.kəl/

Playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing way.

The children's book was filled with whimsical illustrations of talking animals.
376
widen
/ˈwaɪ.dən/

To become wider, or to make something wider.

They plan to widen the road to four lanes.
377
wistful
/ˈwɪst.fəl/

Having a feeling of vague or regretful longing.

He gazed at the old photograph with a wistful smile.
378
writhe
/raɪð/

To make continual twisting movements of the body.

He writhed in pain after the injury.
379
yield
/jiːld/

To produce or provide a result; to give way to pressure.

The experiment yielded unexpected but fascinating results.
380
zeal
/ziːl/

Great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or objective.

She approached the volunteer work with remarkable zeal.
381
zealous
/ˈzel.əs/

Having great energy or enthusiasm for a cause.

The zealous volunteers worked around the clock.

How to use a list like this

Reading a word list start to finish is the least effective thing you can do with it. Vocabulary sticks when you meet a word in context, need it, and retrieve it later. A list is useful for two narrower jobs: finding the gaps, and checking whether the level you were assigned matches what you actually know.

A practical pass: scroll through, mark the words you could not define to a friend, and put only those into whatever review system you use. Twenty unknown words handled properly beat two hundred skimmed.

Where these levels come from

Each word here carries the level our own test assigns it, based on frequency banding rather than an official CEFR wordlist. The CEFR describes what you can do with a language, not which words you must know, so no authoritative per-word list exists. Treat the level as a useful sorting of frequency, not a ruling.

Background on the numbers: vocabulary size by CEFR level, how many English words the average person knows and the native speaker gap.

← B2 word list All levels C2 word list →

Turn the gaps into a review deck

English Vocabulary Size Test on Android tests you on the same words, keeps your history, and schedules the ones you missed for spaced repetition. Works offline, 16 interface languages.

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C1 vocabulary list

Are you actually at C1?

abolish

absent

absurd

accolade

accomplishment

accumulate

admonish

adverse

advocate

aesthetic

allegation

allegedly

alleviate

allocate

allowance

altruistic

ambivalent

amiable

anomaly

arbitrary

arduous

arena

ascertain

assert

astute

atrocity

austere

auto

autonomy

awry

belligerent

benevolent

benign

blatant

bolster

bounce

bow

breach

brevity

brusque

brutal

burden

burgeon

callous

candor

capitulate

captivate

catalyst

cautious

censure

chaste

cling

coalesce

collaborate

companion

compelling

compensate

competent

complacent

comply

conceal

concession

conflate

conjecture

conquer

consensus

consistency

constitutional

constraint

contemplate

contempt

contentious

contributor

conundrum

copious

corroborate

coup

courtesy